About netbook

About netbook 1. Presentation A netbook is a PC has a screen of roughly 10 crawls from corner to corner; it likewise has a more slow processor contrasted and bigger estimated PCs. They are mostly intended for fundamental errands, for example, web perusing and word preparing. 1 Somewhere in the range of 2007 and 2008, the overall offer of netbook PCs has hopped from around 400,000 to 11.4 million units. This market is unmistakably developing with this figure being conjecture to turn out to be considerably bigger with a 189% expansion to 21.5 million units in 20092. This development is principally because of the moving purchasing behavior of the general population to netbooks from scratch pad and workstations. Nokia has had enormous accomplishment with its cell phone innovation and as the market chief it has nearness in â€Å"every segment† of the cell phone market3. Nokias profoundly inventive innovative work endeavors have permitted the organization to stay in front of the opposition. It currently hopes to broaden and add to its product offering by presenting its new booklet PC, the â€Å"Nokia 3G Booklet†. The goal of this report is to dissect the three parts of the UK promoting condition concerning the Nokia 3G Booklet following the ongoing dispatch of the item. The report will finish up to whether this new class of item is likely be a triumph for Nokia in the UK. 2. Strategy The report will take a gander at the three advertising conditions: miniaturized scale condition, large scale condition and inward condition and will at that point make an end to whether the Nokia 3G Booklet is probably going to be an achievement in the UK. To complete this investigation; different foundation data was accumulated about the PC business. This data was gathered from web assets, reading material, and talk notes. The accompanying models were utilized to explain the discoveries: DEEPLIST examination Doormen Five Force Model SWOT examination 3. Examination The three parts of the advertising condition which will be investigated, with respect to Nokias presentation of the Nokia 3G Booklet, are the miniaturized scale condition, the large scale condition and the inward condition. 4.1 Macro condition The full scale condition is â€Å"The on-screen characters and powers outside showcasing that influence advertising administrations capacity to manufacture and keep up effective associations with customers†. (Harker, 2009:p602) A DEEPLIST examination has been utilized to look at the impacts of socioeconomics, financial, natural, political, lawful and mechanical variables upon the item. Socioeconomics With huge quantities of understudies requiring PCs which are lighter and more versatile than note pads to take to addresses, obviously the understudy segment is probably going to purchase netbooks. The netbooks are additionally liable to be famous with representatives who should have the option to take their work any place they go. These items may likewise turn out to be progressively mainstream with a maturing populace since they are a lot simpler to convey about than greater workstations. Furthermore, these PCs are just intended for straightforward assignments and this segment is probably not going to utilize these PCs for complex errands. Financial The world has quite recently had a monetary emergency over the previous year, anyway there are away from of recuperation, with the US, France and Germany presently in fact out of downturn. The UK is still in downturn with a GDP of - 0.3%. The administration has given a Consumer Price Index of a 1.5%. Natural The netbooks are a lot littler than most workstations and journals and in this way need less materials to make. The light weight additionally implies that there is to a lesser degree a carbon impression with respect to transportation. Netbooks are additionally incredibly effective; requiring just 30 watts contrasted and 65 watts in a note pad implying that a lot of intensity is spared if netbooks are utilized instead of greater PCs. Netbooks are presently viewed as significantly more of a dispensable innovation because of their low cost. In this way, at whatever point the innovation may turn out to be moderately out-dated, buyers are probably going to buy another, subsequent in an expanded measure of wastage of out of date items and consequently an expanded measure of ecological harm. The netbook PCs are additionally considered as a valuable PC. In spite of the fact that netbooks devour less vitality, they are additionally made with indistinguishable poisonous materials from different PCs and with no push to change this from makers, removal of the netbooks is probably going to stay hurtful to the environment.4 In this way, weighing up the expenses and advantages of the netbooks in correlation with different workstations, they are significantly more ecologically well disposed than huge numbers of their partners, for example, scratch pad and PCs. Their lighter plan and low force utilization mean they are likewise less expensive to deliver and work. Political/Legal Nokia may think that its simpler to break into the European market than America. This would be because of the way that Nokia is an European organization with solid market infiltration of its versatile communication items. The EU would almost certainly bolster the organization more than it would for Apple. Mechanical Nokia has now incorporated a 3G and GPS, permitting clients to interface anyplace and see their situation on a guide. The 3G Booklet currently additionally can send SMS messages. The Booklet is additionally one of the main PCs to incorporate windows 7. These new highlights are probably going to improve the fascination of the items for likely clients. 4.2 Micro condition â€Å"The entertainers near the organization that influence its capacity to serve its clients the organization, the providers, advertising delegates, client markets, contenders and publics†, (Harker, 2009:p602) Doormen Five Force Model (appeared in supplement 2) will be utilized to examine the smaller scale condition for the Nokia 3G Booklet. Existing Competitors The netbook showcase is incredibly serious, with the fundamental rivalry appeared in reference section 1. Nonetheless, the market is required to develop by 189% in 2009 so there ought to be space for extra items. The principle rivalry in the market is from Asus whose nearest item by correlation is the Asus EEE PC 1005HA Seashell Netbook. This item is simply over a large portion of the normal cost of the Nokia 3G Booklet and has nearly precisely the same particulars. For example, both netbooks have a 1GB of RAM memory. The significant expense tag on the Nokia 3G Booklet additionally carries the PC into rivalry with journal PCs which have a lot higher particulars even still is a significant expense by correlation. Nokia have likewise re-named their item as a â€Å"Booklet† to separate itself from the opposition. Nokia hopes to copy the accomplishment of Apple by breaking into the market as a top notch quality item. Apparently Nokia have intentionally planned the item to impersonate the highlights of the Macbook and along these lines introducing a superior quality because of the effectively seen nature of Apple. The fundamental issue for Nokia is they have focused on an exceptional market for PCs. This proposes on the off chance that the client was going to purchase a top of the line item, at that point they will spend an extra  £200 to buy an Apple Macbook, which as of now has a colossal name for itself as far as quality. Danger of new Entrants The Nokia 3G Booklet is another contestant into the scratch pad advertise. Danger of new Substitutes There have been gossipy tidbits as of late of an Apple Macbook Touch which is in a similar value district as the Nokia 3G Booklet. This item is basically a touch screen Apple Macbook. This innovation has just been executed into Apples iphone; which was an enormous merchant. For clients searching for a PC, they might be happy to trial and buy this new item from Apple in light of the quality of the brand. This would diminish the quantity of clients of Nokia generously if the item were to get on. Bartering intensity of providers Key parts which are utilized to create the Nokia 3G Booklets might be genuinely restricted, particularly since the contenders are likewise hoping to purchase similar materials. Bartering intensity of clients If the Booklets would not be as well known as recently expected, all things considered, Nokia would diminish the cost of the item. 4.3 The Internal Environment Representatives Nokia may battle sooner rather than later as late news has risen that the organization intends to lay off 550 representatives working in the innovative work branch of the organization. This could bring about the organization being substantially less inventive in delivering new items. 5. Ends The SWOT examination (see index 3) for the Nokia 3G Booklet shows that the items principle quality is its image name and faithfulness picked up from its huge nearness in the cell phone advertise. The organization can likewise be viewed as being creative with its new GPS, 3G and SMS capacities being incorporated into the machines. The quantities of netbooks being sold are anticipated to develop in the following not many years, allowing Nokia the chance to set up itself in the PC showcase. Apple, Acer and Asus are the fundamental current contenders to Nokias new item. Acer and Asus seem, by all accounts, to be focusing on the low finish of the PC market and Apple the high finish of the range. This leaves a hole in the market for Nokia to target buyers who wish a superior quality item with a superior brand name than Acer and Asus, however who would prefer not to follow through on the greater expense of a Macbook. Accordingly, from the contentions drawn up from this report for and against the reasonable hood of progress for the Nokia 3G Booklet; the item is probably going to be an accomplishment in the UK showcase, with the following area giving suggestions concerning how Nokia could expand its odds of achievement. 6. Proposals The Nokia 3G Booklet is a newcomer to the PC showcase and accordingly can't depend exclusively upon its solid image picture to succeed. This report suggests the accompanying activities all together for the item to be increasingly fruitful in the UK showcase: Nokia should bring down the cost of the pr

Sublayers of the Data Link Layer Essay Example for Free

Sublayers of the Data Link Layer Essay

Harlem Renaissance Essay

I. Presentation The Atlantic slave exchange caused the enormous development of Africans across various pieces of the world to a great extent in the Americas, Europe, and Asia. This African Diaspora realized eleven million of dark individuals in the New World (P. Larson. â€Å"Reconsidering Trauma, Identity, and the African Diaspora: Enslavement and Historical Memory in Nineteenth-Century Highland Madagascar†). The relatives of those that were acquired the Americas, predominantly those in the United States filling in as slaves in the south, later encountered another diaspora: moving from the south toward the north to get away from the hardships achieved by exceptional racial separation. A huge segment had settled in the city of Harlem, New York City which opened up a flood of phenomenal imaginative works done by blacks and became stylish for quite a while. This period came to be known as the Harlem Renaissance, likewise differently known as the New Negro Movement, or the New Negro Renaissance. This was a time of exceptional inventiveness communicated in visual expressions, works, and music during this enormous development of dark populace, wherein the African-American Diaspora has moved into bigger urban communities. It changed the character of dark American fine arts, from regular impersonations of white specialists to complex investigations and articulations of dark life and culture that uncovered and invigorated another certainty and racial pride. The development focused in the tremendous dark ghetto of Harlem, in New York City, in this way the name of the development. Harlem turned into the spot of social occasion for hopeful dark specialists, journalists, and artists, sharing their encounters and giving common consolation to each other. The term Harlem â€Å"Renaissance† is a misnomer. Whenever estimated by amount alone, it was more a birth than a â€Å"rebirth†, for at no other time had such a significant number of dark Americans created so much abstract, aesthetic, and insightful material simultaneously. Whenever estimated by quality, be that as it may, it was really a continuum, the stimulating of a vivacious stream took care of before by the significant works of artist Paul Laurence Dunbar, author and short story essayist Charles W. Chestnutt, artist and writer Hames Weldon Johnson and the articles of Du Bois. The Harlem Renaissance made a noteworthy forward leap, wherein it denoted the first run through wherein scholarly and imaginative works done by African Americans picked up in national consideration and intrigue. Entryways of chances were opened for such attempts to be promoted and introduced to the overall population, which before were unrealistic. Despite the fact that its fundamental accomplishment is found principally in writing, it likewise bore the incomparable African-American works in governmental issues and other imaginative mediums, for example, visual craftsmanship, music, and theater that investigated various parts of dark American life (R. Twombly. â€Å"Harlem Renaissance†). II. Foundation and Discussion During the early piece of the 1900s, Black Nationalism and racial awareness started to develop especially during the 1920’s. One key factor that helped this improvement was the surfacing of the dark working class, which thus were achieved by the expanding number of instructed blacks who had discovered business openings and a specific level of financial progression after the American Civil War (â€Å"Harlem Renaissance†). During World War I, a great many dark individuals left the discouraged rustic South for employments in northern protection plants. Known as the Great Migration, progressively African Americans built up themselves in urban communities, for example, Harlem, in New York City. They were socially cognizant, and turned into a focal point of political and social improvement of the dark Americans. This populace made racial pressures over lodgings and business that brought about expanded dark militancy about rights, including vivacious tumult by the national Association for the Advancement of minorities People (NAACP) and other social liberties associations. Preeminent for this dark movement’s plan, which was communicated in different mediums, is to uproar for racial correspondence. Advocating the reason were dark savvy people W.E. B. Du Bois and Alain Locke. White reactions to these advancements were both negative and positive. The Ku Klux Klan and other racial oppressor bunches arrived at their pinnacle of northern fame during the 1920’s. Simultaneously remarkable white enthusiasm for racial maters made an enormous crowd for dark creators who started to settle in the area of New York City known as Harlem. Like other dark ghettoes, Harlem was another, undiscovered wellspring of subjects and materials, which incompletely represents its prevalence among specialists and learned people, yet not at all like different ghettoes it was a recently developed, chic, private area. Working as a sort of dark mecca, Harlem’s brilliant lodging, its esteem, energy, and cosmopolitan flavor, pulled in a dark white collar class from which sprang its aesthetic and artistic set. A. General Characteristics Not all works during this development is activist in nature. Be that as it may, members and donors in the Renaissance were strongly race-cognizant, glad for their legacy of being dark, and much enamored with their locale. The greater part of them, some more unobtrusively than others, condemned racial abuse. Halfway as a tribute to their accomplishments and mostly as an impression of their racial mindfulness, the Renaissance individuals were aggregately called â€Å"New Negroes†, likewise showing that they had supplanted the (to a great extent white made) artistic picture of the comic, unfortunate manor Negro with the pleased, occupied, autonomous dark man of the northern city. The â€Å"New Negroes† were for the most part integrationists, hopefully deciphering their own individual victories as harbingers of progress in race relations. Acknowledgment from Harpers, Harcourt, Brace, Viking, Boni and Livewright, Knopf, and other bleeding edge distributers started coming through brisk progression, boosting more positive thinking among African-American supporters of the Harlem Renaissance. As opposed to delineating another development of style, the craftsmanship during the Harlem Renaissance is joined by their regular yearning of portraying and communicating in imaginative structure the African-American mind and life. Regular qualities can be found among such works, for example, the introduction of racial pride among dark Americans. This called for following its underlying foundations and cause by taking consideration and enthusiasm to the life of blacks basically in Africa and South America. Likewise, such solid social and racial awareness got a powerful urge for fairness the American culture, both socially and strategically. Be that as it may, one of the most widely recognized and critical trait of the Harlem Renaissance was the copious creation of an assortment of inventive articulations. Assorted variety was the principle particular quality, achieved by a trial soul of the development, for example, in music which went from blues, jazz, to ensemble music. B. Essential Artist of the Harlem Renaissance:â Aaron Douglas (1898-1979) The commended craftsman of the Harlem Renaissance was Aaron Douglas, who decided to delineate the New Negro Movement through African pictures which bore â€Å"primitive† procedures: artworks in geometric shapes, level, and rough edges. In his works, Douglas needed the watchers to know and perceive the African-American character. All things considered, Aaron Douglas is frequently alluded to as the â€Å"Father of African American Art†. Conceived in Topeka, Kansas, Douglas had the option to complete his B.A degree. Moving to Harlem in 1925, Aaron quickly set to work, making delineations for conspicuous magazines of the Harlem Renaissance. Douglas was impacted in his pioneer style under the tutelage of German craftsman Winold Reiss, a style which checked a large portion of his praised works and joining both African and Egyptian strokes of outline and structure. It was Reis who urged Douglas to bring African structure into his works which turned into his trademark (â€Å"The Harlem Renaissance: Aaron Douglas†). Such way of African â€Å"primitive† style grabbed the eye of the principle defenders of the Harlem Renaissance, to be specific W.E.B. Dubois and Alain Locke who discovered Douglas’ functions as a fitting exemplification of the African-American legacy. They were urging youthful specialists to portray their African inheritance through their works of art. Despite the fact that when DuBois stilled considered Henry Tanner progressively significant, Douglas has genuinely settled a notoriety for being the main visual craftsman of his time. Harlem Renaissance painters are joined by the craving to advance and depict the life and state of blacks, especially African-Americans. Be that as it may, now the similitude closes. Harlem Renaissance works of art are as changed in style as the specialists themselves. Albeit like Douglas, most painters of this period got formal trainings and all things considered, their style and strokes are the same as other non-dark specialists. What just separate the specialists of the Harlem Renaissance from others are their topics and subjects. III. End A. Closure and Significance As an end, one of the qualities of the Harlem Renaissance was likewise a genuine shortcoming. Since they were reliant on white benefactors and watchers for prevalence, dark specialists were not completely allowed to investigate the systems that executed racial bad form, nor might they be able to propose arrangements unsatisfactory to whites. Besides, when the Great Depression commanded American life during the 1930’s, the whites, who had been the heft of the Renaissance crowd, focused on financial aspects and governmental issues, neglectful of dark American torment. American expressions and letters took up new topics, and in spite of the fact that the best specialists kept on working, they at last lost notoriety. The Great Depression drove many dark specialists to dissipate; and were generally driven away from New York or to take different employments to hold them over the hard tim

Saving for College You Could Win $500!

The College Savings Foundation (CSF) is running a new contest this January and February for families who use 529 plans. To enter, simply share a video that tells your college savings story on Facebook, Twitter, YouTube or Instagram using hashtag #CSF529story. One lucky winner will be selected at random to receive a $500 GiftofCollege card to be applied to a 529 account. Januaryï ¿ ½s theme: A resolution you can keep ï ¿ ½ what changes did you make in your life in order to put money away/save regularly in a 529 plan? And what kept you going? To be eligible for the drawing, entries must be received by January 31, 2016 EST. To enter and read the official rules, visit https://new.collegesavingsfoundation.org/csf-video-contest/ Not saving with a 529 plan yet? Get started today! 529 college savings plans offer tax-free earnings and tax-free withdrawals when the funds are used to pay for qualified higher education expenses, which now include laptops. Whatï ¿ ½s more, your state may offer additional benefits such as a tax deduction or credit for contributions, or matching grants. Not sure what your child will end up doing after high school? 529 plans can be used to pay tuition at public and private four-year schools, community college, vocational schools, international schools and even some gap year programs. Find out if a school is eligible here. While your home state may offer perks for residents who invest with their 529 plan, you have the option of enrolling in almost any stateï ¿ ½s plan. Compare plan details here. RELATED: 5 simple steps to enrolling in a 529 plan. The College Savings Foundation (CSF) is running a new contest this January and February for families who use 529 plans. To enter, simply share a video that tells your college savings story on Facebook, Twitter, YouTube or Instagram using hashtag #CSF529story. One lucky winner will be selected at random to receive a $500 GiftofCollege card to be applied to a 529 account. Januaryï ¿ ½s theme: A resolution you can keep ï ¿ ½ what changes did you make in your life in order to put money away/save regularly in a 529 plan? And what kept you going? To be eligible for the drawing, entries must be received by January 31, 2016 EST. To enter and read the official rules, visit https://new.collegesavingsfoundation.org/csf-video-contest/ Not saving with a 529 plan yet? Get started today! 529 college savings plans offer tax-free earnings and tax-free withdrawals when the funds are used to pay for qualified higher education expenses, which now include laptops. Whatï ¿ ½s more, your state may offer additional benefits such as a tax deduction or credit for contributions, or matching grants. Not sure what your child will end up doing after high school? 529 plans can be used to pay tuition at public and private four-year schools, community college, vocational schools, international schools and even some gap year programs. Find out if a school is eligible here. While your home state may offer perks for residents who invest with their 529 plan, you have the option of enrolling in almost any stateï ¿ ½s plan. Compare plan details here. RELATED: 5 simple steps to enrolling in a 529 plan.

Women and the MBA

May God Have Mercy (John C. Tucker) A True Story of Crime...

A true story of how a man was tried, convicted, and sentenced to death, May God Have Mercy exposes the imperfections in the criminal justice system and how it led to the death of an innocent man. Roger Colemans case became the main story on nightly newscasts and prominent television shows such as Larry King Live, Nightline, Good Morning America, and the Today Show. Many crucial, yet harmful decisions were made that ultimately resulted in an innocent mans execution at the death house in Greensville, Virginia. The police, the prosecutor, and the Judge can all be held responsible for Colemans death. However, the reason Roger Coleman was not acquitted of the murder of Wanda McCoy in the first place and thus in a position to be executed was†¦show more content†¦Like any other criminal case, the burden of proof lies with the prosecution. They are required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the crime. Mickey McGlothlin presented an organized and persuas ive opening statement that gave the jury the impression that Roger Coleman was guilty based on the significant amount of evidence against him. The defenses opening statement should have attacked the evidence that the state provided, and also attacked McGlothlins credibility. The defenses opening statement should have consisted of a description of the friendly relationship that existed between Roger Coleman and the McCoys. It also should have also included Colemans alibi--Philip VanDyke--and the fact that VanDykes time card reinforces the time that he said he was with Coleman and the time that he clocked into his job. Arey and Jordan also had an opportunity to smear McGlothlins credibility by referring to evidence that he failed to mention in his opening argument--the pry mark on the door, the broken fingernails on the victim but no scratches on Coleman, and that the substance found on the victim was soil, not coal dust, which had been on Colemans clothes. The defense counsel didnt refer to any of those facts. No scientific evidence was brought up, and it failed to respond to McGlothins statement that there was evidence that Coleman had in fact admitted to committing the crime. The opening statement was a completeShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages and the relevant page numbers (but not in any way that suggests that the book Logical Reasoning or its author endorse you or your use of the work). (2) Noncommercial You may not use this work for commercial purposes (for example, by inserting passages into a book that is sold to students). (3) No Derivative Works You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. An earlier version of the book was published by Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, California USA in 1993 with ISBN numberRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesE SSAYS ON TWENTIETH-C ENTURY H ISTORY In the series Critical Perspectives on the Past, edited by Susan Porter Benson, Stephen Brier, and Roy Rosenzweig Also in this series: Paula Hamilton and Linda Shopes, eds., Oral History and Public Memories Tiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture

Applied Research Evidence Based Practice

Question: Discuss about theApplied Research for Evidence Based Practice. Answer: Introduction The assignment deals with the infection prevention control practice. The nursing issue dealt in this study include Use of best hand hygiene practice to prevent infection. The essay provides brief background of the issue. It explains the search strategy used for selecting the articles for the study. The level of evidence for each of the article is identified. Further, for each of the articles the practical recommendations in the health care setting are discussed and it is determined in the essay if the recommendations are applicable in the health care setting of New Zealand. By effectively communicating the findings of the study it is possible to directly influence the changing behaviours of the health care workers and to promote improved hand hygiene in New Zealand. The demand for Evidence Based Practice (EBP) is accelerating over time. The purpose of this study is to develop research skills and implement EBP. EBP is the process of using current best evidence explicitly and judiciously to make decisions about individual patient care (LoBiondo-Wood et al., 2013). The purpose of EBP is to integrate clinical opinion into practice to provide high quality of services taking into account the needs, values, choices and interests of the patients (Schneider Whitehead, 2013). Integrating best evidence into the clinical expertise will assist in using modern day practices to deliver client focused care. Background of the Nursing Issue Hand hygiene practice is crucial for the heath care workers. They frequently are exposed to opportunistic pathogens such as Clostridium difficle, Candida spp. (that can survive for as long as 150 hours) which cause severe nosocomial infections (Guilhermetti et al., 2010). Presence of multi-drug resistant pathogens (S. Aureus) increases the rate of nosocomial infections and complexity of treatment. Therefore, Nurses and doctors must strictly adhere to the hand hygiene guidelines for preventing the outbreak of infectitious diseases as it is recognised to be the most effective method (Guilhermetti et al., 2010). Inaccessibility of the hand hygiene products or skin irritations acts as a barrier to maintain hand hygiene. The key problem is the use of effective hand hygiene method to prevent the infection as well as enhance the adherence to hand-hygiene practice recommendations. Therefore, the study aims to investigate how does hand?washing compare with use of gel preparation? Search Strategy The articles were selected with the objective of identifying published randomised journals and other research papers related to hand hygiene in the health care setting using gel based preparation. For the purpose of literature review the standard search strategy is used that involves use of five databases CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Medline, and PubMed. Focus was mainly on the articles that gave primary data from randomised control trials and few systematic reviews were include to identify any additional information on the topic. The inclusion criteria was to consider articles published between 2006-2016 that describes prevention of infection while comparing hand washing to the gel based preparations. Articles that are published in English are selected for the study. Articles that were not meeting the inclusion criteria were excluded. Initially the articles were screened on the basis of the abstracts followed by full text review. The search terms used for article select ion are: hand hygiene, hand disinfection, hand washing, alcohol-based hand gels, nosocomial infections, health care associated infections, efficacy of hand gel in critical care unit, effectiveness of hand washing in surgical hand preparation, efficacy of soap and water in hand disinfection, compliance prevention, patient safety EBP is ranked by the way the evidence was collected. The example of a hierarchy system is given below: (Polit Beck, 2008) Level 1: Systematic reviews of randomized and non-randomized clinical trials Level 2: Single randomized and non-randomized clinical trials Level 3: Systematic review of correlational and observational studies Level 4 Single correlational and observational studies Level 5: Systematic review of descriptive, qualitative, and physiologic studies Level 6: Single descriptive, qualitative, and physiologic studies Level 7: Opinions from authorities, and expert committees Critical Analysis of the Practice Based Recommendations A total of 13 articles were selected that provides evidence supporting the clinical question related to hang hygiene. The first article, a systematic review,( in level 1) by Fung Cairncross, (2006) provided an evidence of effectiveness of hand washing in preventing the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome. The study provided no detectable difference in effectiveness of soap and gel based hand rub. Ejemot?Nwadiaro et al., (2008) in level 1 evaluated that the efficacy of hand washing intervention on preventing diarrhoea. This study described that hand washing practice is effective in reducing episodes of diarrhoea by about one-third. Moreover, this system is effective in low income areas. However, significant reduction is comparable to the effect of providing clean water in low-income areas. Traore et al., (2007) has conducted a prospective intervention study (in level 2) to assess the efficacy of the gel formulation in increasing hand hygiene compliance during patient care. The quantitative study compare between liquid and gel based formulation in regards to acceptability and skin toler ance among users. The findings showed that the hand washing with gel-based formulation was more effective than liquid formulations. It also demonstrated that easy accessibility to alcohol-based gel formulation increased the adherence to hand hygiene guidelines. The gel-based formulation was better accepted and had better skin condition then the other counterpart. However, it did not investigate the difference in infection rates using these formulations. These results have produced valuable information that gel based product was effective in maintaining nurses compliance to the hand hygiene. The prospective controlled, cross-over trial (level 2) by Rupp et al., (2008) conducted in two medical-surgical ICUs also monitored the efficacy of alcohol-based hand gel in preventing nosocomial infections and hand hygiene adherence. The results of this quantitative study showed a significant improvement in the rate of hand hygiene adherence (from 38% to 68% in both ICUs) among all the health ca re workers. This gel lowered the number of absolute microbes on hands. Increased number of microbes in some cases of culture study was attributed to inaccessibility to gel and longer fingernails. However, the study could not better delineate the relationship between the hand hygiene and the nosocomial infections. Guilhermetti et al., (2010) conducted a quantitative study (level 2) to investigate the efficacy of twelve of alcohol-based hand gels produced in Brazil. The gels were compared to the reference solution (2-propanol) from the EN 1500. In the study, 10 out of 12 gels were approved within application time of 60s. The study results recommend the use of alcohol based gel in the hospital settings. Among these gels, Sterillium Gel was best, with the capacity to reduce 90% of the E.coli populations within 60s more than the reference alcohol. Three of the gels were as 70% effective in removing S. Aureus and Candida albicans from highly contaminated hands. The single observational st udy in level 4 by Kampf, Hollingsworth (2008) also evaluated the bactericidal activity of sterilium (hand gel) as well as the time of its action on different microorganisms. The results showed that the gel has broad spectrum antibacterial activity and works within 15 seconds of applications. It is active against most common species under the category of causative agents of nosocomial infections as well as other emerging pathogens. The randomised trial in level 2 by Liu et al., (2010) demonstrated that liquid soap treatment and water rinse was effective hand hygiene practice in reducing the genomic copies of Norwalk virus on human finger pads. The study also demonstrated that alcohol based sanitizers were relatively ineffective in controlling the pathogen transmission particularly virus. The cluster-randomised, crossover trial in level 2 by Nthumba et al., (2010) compared the efficacy of the hand washing with soap and water versus alcohol based rub for surgery preparation. The study described the feasibility and affordability of alcohol-based hand rubs for hand preparation before surgery. It is effective in preventing surgical site infections in comparison to hand washing with soap and water in clinical settings without continuous supply of clean water. However, the study did not show any significant statistical difference in rate of infection in soap versus alcohol based rub hand washing. Gerding et al., (2008 ) in the single descriptive study (level 6) have described that hand wash using soap and water is effective in preventing and controlling the Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). It has also described that hand hygiene with gel based preparation was ineffective in controlling CDI. The randomise trial by Sasahara et al., (2014) in level 2 determined the appropriate procedure of hand hygiene for controlling nosocomial Bacillus cereus. The results demonstrated that the soap washing procedures were highly effective as it decreased the number of B. Cereus spores b y more than 2 log10. The other procedures such as use of alcohol based gel, liquid, were not as effective as soap and water treatment. Similar study was conducted by Ji Jeong, (2013) which is also under level 2 demonstrated that the efficacy of different types of alcohol gel in eliminating pathogens according to their amount and drying time. The results demonstrated that only alcohol gel hand hygiene with adequate amount of (2mL) and complete dry (30 seconds rubbing followed by 2 min air-dry),were effective in disinfecting microorganisms and it was also considered satisfactory by the U.S. FDA-TFM efficacy requirements for antiseptic hand hygiene products. Therefore the study recommends the use of this type of gels in health care setting. Erasmus et al., (2010) conducted a systematic review (level 5) on observed or self reported hand hygiene compliance rates in hospitals. The results indicated that the compliance rates were higher when nurses performed dirty tasks and were given greater access to the gel based preparation. The review by Kampf Loeffler, (2007) in level 7 on hand hygiene practices described that the low compliance rate of hand hygiene among the heath care workers is due to hand washing. Use of soap and water often causes skin irritations and dermatitis. As per the review, hand washing is less effective when compared to the gel based preparations and other alcohol based hand rubs for disi nfecting hands. Gel based and other alcohol based hand hygiene is useful to prevent irritant contact dermatitis. Thus, the literature indicates that both hand washing and use of gel-based preparation were effective in prevention of infections in healthcare setting. The studies of (Traore et al., 2007; Rupp et al., 2008 and Guilhermetti et al., 2010, Ji Jeong, 2013 in the level of evidence 2 and Kampf, Hollingsworth 2008 in level 4) have been more specific in recommending the use of gel based preparations for maintaining hand hygiene in clinical settings for their efficacy in controlling pathogen transmission. According to Polit Beck, (2008) the articles belonging to level 1 and 2 are of best quality and should be given first preference as these studies does not contain major flaws and conclusions are well drawn. Therefore, gel based preparation can be recommended for use in New Zealands health care setting. However, the study of Fung Cairncross, (2006) in level 1 on hierarchical system of evidence cannot be recommended as the quality was low and the results were not conclusive. Hand washing can be recommended in New Zealand on the other hand based on Ejemot?Nwadiaro et al., (2008) also in level 1. The information from this study suggests strict adherence to hand washing practices for preventing infections which will also be applicable in New Zealands health care setting. The study by Liu et al., (2010) and Sasahara et al., (2014) both in level 2 was contradictory to these studies as it demonstrated that hand washing soap and water is more effective in pathogen control. It showed that the hand sanitizers or alcohol based gel rub were not effective in controlling viral population on the human fingers. On the other hand, Nthumba et al., (2010) in level 2 recommends hand washing with soap and water to be more effective in disinfecting viruses. Gerding et al., (2008) in level 6 recommends hand washing with soap and water to be effective in disinfection of CDI. In addition, according to Kampf Loeffler, (2007) hand washing is associated with skin irritations and decrease in the rate of compliance to hand hygiene practice but it cannot be considered a reliable information as according to Polit Beck, (2008) the level of evidence is low for this study. In conclusion, hand wash using both the soap and water as well as gel based preparation is recommended for New Zealands health care setting. It was found from the critical review of 13 articles that both hand wash and gel based preparation are equally effective in preventing nosocomial infections. Both have the efficacy to remove viruses as well as spores. However, I would personally give a special preference to gel based hand hygiene preparation. In case of gel base preparation Sterillium is particularly recommended to be used as two high level of evidence has been found that have proved its effectiveness against broad-spectrum of bacterial activity and acts in a short span of time that is 15 secs. This short time of application and high level of efficacy of the gel if used in hospital setting would increase the compliance and adherence to hand hygiene guidelines and prevent major outbreak of infectitious diseases. Moreover, there is more evidence on recommendations for gel based ha nd hygiene practice compared to hand washing. The gel will be useful for hospitals in rural areas lacking supply of clean water. Hand washing would be better to prefer when hands are visibly soiled. References Ejemot?Nwadiaro, R. I., Ehiri, J. E., Meremikwu, M. M., Critchley, J. A. (2008). Hand washing for preventing diarrhoea.The Cochrane Library. Erasmus, V., Daha, T. J., Brug, H., Richardus, J. H., Behrendt, M. D., Vos, M. C., van Beeck, E. F. (2010). Systematic review of studies on compliance with hand hygiene guidelines in hospital care.Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology,31(03), 283-294. Fung, I. C. H., Cairncross, S. (2006). Effectiveness of handwashing in preventing SARS: a review.Tropical Medicine International Health,11(11), 1749-1758. Gerding, D. N., Muto, C. A., Owens, R. C. (2008). Measures to control and prevent Clostridium difficile infection.Clinical Infectious Diseases,46(Supplement 1), S43-S49. Guilhermetti, M., Wiirzler, L. M., Facio, B. C., da Silva Furlan, M., Meschial, W. C., Tognim, M. B., ... Cardoso, C. L. (2010). Antimicrobial efficacy of alcohol-based hand gels.Journal of Hospital Infection,74(3), 219-224. Ji, Y. J., Jeong, J. S. (2013). Comparison of Antimicrobial Effect of Alcohol Gel according to the Amount and Drying Time in Health Personnel Hand Hygiene.Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing,43(3). Kampf, G., Hollingsworth, A. (2008). Comprehensive bactericidal activity of an ethanol-based hand gel in 15 seconds.Annals of clinical microbiology and antimicrobials,7(1), 1. Kampf, G., Loeffler, H. (2007). Prevention of irritant contact dermatitis among health care workers by using evidence-based hand hygiene practices: a review.Industrial health,45(5), 645-652. Liu, P., Yuen, Y., Hsiao, H. M., Jaykus, L. A., Moe, C. (2010). Effectiveness of liquid soap and hand sanitizer against Norwalk virus on contaminated hands.Applied and environmental microbiology,76(2), 394-399. LoBiondo-Wood, G., Haber, J., Berry, C., Yost, J. (2013).Study Guide for Nursing Research: Methods and Critical Appraisal for Evidence-based Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Nthumba, P. M., Stepita?Poenaru, E., Poenaru, D., Bird, P., Allegranzi, B., Pittet, D., Harbarth, S. (2010). Cluster?randomized, crossover trial of the efficacy of plain soap and water versus alcohol?based rub for surgical hand preparation in a rural hospital in Kenya.British Journal of Surgery,97(11), 1621-1628. Polit, D. F., Beck, C. T. (2008) Nursing research: generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice Eighth Edition. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Philadelphia, Pa. Rupp, M. E., Fitzgerald, T., Puumala, S., Anderson, J. R., Craig, R., Iwen, P. C., ... Sholtz, L. (2008). Prospective, controlled, cross-over trial of alcohol-based hand gel in critical care units.Infection Control Hospital Epidemiology,29(01), 8-15. Sasahara, T., Hayashi, S., Hosoda, K., Morisawa, Y., Hirai, Y. (2014). Comparison of hand hygiene procedures for removing Bacillus cereus spores.Biocontrol science,19(3), 129-134. Schneider, Z., Whitehead, D. (2013).Nursing and midwifery research: methods and appraisal for evidence-based practice. Elsevier Australia. Traore, O., Hugonnet, S., Lbbe, J., Griffiths, W., Pittet, D. (2007). Liquid versus gel handrub formulation: a prospective intervention study.Critical Care,11(3), 1.

It is given that societies are fluid and therefore Essays - Economy

It is given that societies are fluid and therefore many an aspect of them, in this instance the IFIs will eventually become irrelevant. But like any organism self-preservation is inevitable and so hence the policies that covertly keep the poor as such. They have various mechanizations that aid in doing such, from increasing unemployment which reduces economic buying power to industrial sabotage by subsidy removal. They also have their fingers in the political field too though they feign ignorance and zero intent in meddling there . That said they do also function in a positive manner which is help ing bridge economies of different zones and institutions. They also help( ed ) many a nation develop into what they're today. However the destruction is through the following; Privatization of African economies , subsidies, S APs, loan repayment periods and methods and also political interference. According to Fischer (2001: 237), one of the IMF's main contributions to reforms is that it stands consistently for a particular approach to economic policy. Therefore, the long-run impact of the IFIs reaches beyond the immediate effects of conditions and finance. T he IMF is an intergovernmental institution established by an international treaty in 1945 to create a framework for international economic cooperation focusing on balance of payment problems and the stability of currencies. it focused and offered a way which has the following effects; (i) To promote international monetary cooperation through a permanent institution which provides the machinery for consultation and collaboration on international monetary problems. (ii) To facilitate the ex pansion and balanced growth of international trade... (iii) To promote exchange stability... (iv) To assist in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments in respect of current transactions and in the elimination of foreign exchange restrictions... (v) To make the general resources of the Fund temporarily available to members for balance of payments purposes under adequate safeguards... (vi) In accordance with the above, to shorten the duration and lessen the degree of disequilibrium in the international balances of payments of members . The IMF provides policy advice and technical assistance to help countries build and maintain strong economies. The organization also makes loans and helps countries design policy programs to solve balance of payment problems. IMF loans are short and medium term and are funded mainly by the pool of quota contributions that its members provide. Each member country has a quota. The quota approximately determines a member's voting power, the amount of foreign exchange it may purchase from the IMF and its allocation of special drawing rights. As a result of third world debt crisis in the 1980s the IMF had to function as the lender of last resort and acted to avoid major economic catastrophe by providing new loans for debtor countries. The IMF has been criticized with regards to its strict conditions attached to its loans. The institution has been like a savings and loan association rather than a commercial bank. It can lend its funds but cannot create new funds in the way a bank can create deposits. As for the World Bank the following; M erged 5 different organizations namely International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) , International Development Association (IDA) , International Finance Corporation (IFC) , Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) , International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) . Therefore making it the ultimate institution to fund developmental projects for example building schools and health centres providing water and electricity etc. the World Bank makes loans for projects and as for its funding it relies on its ability to borrow in the international capital markets and contributions from members. Voting power of nations is proportionate to the capital subscriptions. The World Bank is the leading organization in the field of multi-lateral financing or investment and technical assistance. Critics for allowing politics corruption favoritism incompetent consultancy and inef ficient bureaucracy to dominate the evaluation process and financing of projects. The bank is the world's biggest source of aid to developing countries but although it has progressively increased the scope of its lending programs, it is unable to respond to the capital needs of debt-ridden third world countries. Besides the direct ,carrot-and-stick" effect of conditionality, there are

Globilization of MTV essays

Globilization of MTV essays No longer do you have to be in America to watch some of your favorite MTV shows. You can now be in Asia and be in time to watch Punkd. Not only that, but even hip-hop music is receiving global attention. Western culture have been dominating globally so much that there are 6,000 Starbucks across the globe (Andrzejczyk). This type of influence characterizes the dominance of western consumer culture. Countries who are becoming more of a consumer culture have had its negative side effects. People in other countries did not ever have to pay for as much money as they did before Starbucks put local businesses bankrupt. Even local stores and markets are now in danger of going out of business now in Mexico because of Wal-Marts super store that was established. Credit card debts are continuously accumulating since it has been around in South Korea. But what about MTVs entertainment that they are providing and hip-hop music; do they pose negative effects in other countries because of t he influences of the western world? Despite the negative effects of westernization, I believe that the globalization of MTV and hip-hop music is doing more good than harm? MTV is now touching the screens all across Asia. Its arrival in 1992 has impacted Asian culture. MTV airs in several countries including Japan, Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia and many more countries in Asia. Asian countries have never had a 24-hour music channel before, so it fascinated many viewers tuning in the first time. Since then, MTV started to combine its western style of music and entertainment with local music and entertainment to capture the interest of people in their own countries. What make makes MTV so popular it that it is a global brand which thinks and acts locally (Santana). Since Asian countries interests are different, subdivision channels have been created to meet the demands of local interest. I think that is...

Globalization and Business IT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Globalization and Business IT - Research Paper Example al., 2008). Information technology (IT) and the globalisation of business have made the global supply chain very efficient and contributed to large profits in the business. Both IT and globalisation are aspects of modernisation and growth. IT sector is one of the most booming sectors and the globalisation focuses on the overall development of a country, market, sector and industry among others. Fedex, as a company, strongly believes in globalisation and therefore manages to provide its services globally. The company operates a large range of branded companies which come under the main brand Fedex, and all these companies serve logistics services. With the incorporation of IT, FedEx has been able to leverage superior globalised service by entailing technologically upgraded features in its global operations such as wireless technology and shipping along with tracking system (Network World Fusion, 2002; Cisco Systems, 1999; Butcher & et. al., 2008). Title IT and globalisation’s c ontribution to business for improving the supply chain cycle in a global scale: An illustration of FedEx Research Question For completing the proposed research, it is required to find out the contributions that are made by IT and globalisation in business and the process through which IT and globalisation has made the overall supply chain cycle more effective and contributed to greater profits in the business of FedEx. Therefore, for the completion of the proposed research study, the main question that will be addressed upon will be: How did IT and globalisation managed to improve the overall supply chain process in a global scale which resulted in improved business and profits for FedEx? Specific Project Objectives The... This essay approves that a proper understanding of globalisation and its positive effects in the context of supply chain should be understood and found. Apart from this, it should also be analysed that whether FedEx has already achieved a sustainable amount of growth or not. Whether the company has reached the saturation level or not? If yes, then are there any future scope of development for the company or does the company has any kind of future expansion plans. It is also required to be studied about the competitor companies of FedEx who are delivering similar services like the company to its customers. This report makes a conclusion that IT and globalisation are indeed very important factors contributing to the growth of business and it has made many contributions in changing the supply chain cycle. FedEx prioritises upon the concept of supply chain in a very prospective manner. However, there are few factors that require certain amount of understanding. The aim of this proposal has been to follow a proper research methodology which includes all the basic techniques of research and analysis for obtaining certain conclusion regarding the future plans, present operations, competitors and market standing of the company. In order to complete this proposed research, a questionnaire has been prepared which will be filled by the actual respondents/employees of FedEx and informal interviews will also be conducted in the company wherein the respondents will be the interviewee. These procedures will help in successful completion of the research by providing a clear picture of the operations in the company as well as the supply chain process that is currently being followed by the company and the different supply chain processes that the company may follow in the future.

What does subjectivity means in terms of documentary filmmaking and Research Paper

What does subjectivity means in terms of documentary filmmaking and what it has to do with digital technology - Research Paper Example The term â€Å"subjective† used to mean â€Å"as things are in themselves† whereas the term â€Å"objective† used to denote â€Å"as things are presented to consciousness†. In other words, the word â€Å"subjective† referred to the actual fact while â€Å"objective† used to refer to the way a situation or scenario were perceived. However, with the progression of time, the definitions for each term also changed as â€Å"objective† was then used to mean â€Å"fair-minded, factual, fair-minded and reliable† whereas â€Å"subjective† was then considered as something perceived and therefore unreliable as being an impression instead of facts. According to Dictionary.com, subjectivity refers to â€Å"the state or quality of being subjective; subjectiveness, a subjective thought or idea, intentness on internal thoughts and internal reality†. This paper attempts to explore subjectivity in terms of documentary filmmaking and the way subjectivity changed with the emergence of new digital technologies. Since documentary filmmaking employees the way a director wants to capture the event or story, this medium is more inclined towards subjectivity instead of objectivity. Digitalization, with the rapid increase in globalization, has become an important phenomenon in the modern world. New technologies have altered the potential of production of documentaries as well as the way artists are presented thus increasing subjectivity in the matter presented to the audience. These new technologies have impacted powerfully on the artistic process in the filmmaking and possibly more than on most other innovative attempts. For instance, as a newest tool provided by the digital technologies, the digital color is making cinematographers and directors into keen painters that are eager to explicate their individual doctrines about color. Moreover, the digital still cameras provide the power to camera operator to capture ima ges and then instantly view them similar to Polaroid cameras. But the most significant role is of the digital technology is in the make-up and wardrobe departments, which are able to make various images through different angles to ascertain which will be the most suitable, and this particular ease was not provided by the Polaroid cameras. While digital cameras are maybe competing with their celluloid equivalents, digital non-linear editing extended an entirely new construct to the manner images could be edited together, similar to a great extent in the way text in a document can be cut and pasted within the word processors available. It can be accounted for the post-production department to embrace digital technologies in computerized non-linear form of editing (Elsaesser, 1998). In the documentary filmmaking world, capturing truth has always been a complex task. According to tradition, appreciated in non-fiction erudition for its unbiased and impersonal capacity to reflect the pro- filmic without any fictitious ruse, the documentary film has been experiencing substantial formal alterations since its early primitive days of omniscient narration and observation, by and by deserting its efforts to stress objectivity in a picture. With the modernistic form of the self-referent essayistic cast to its recent performing construction, the documentary has been incessantly revitalizing concern in the rhetorical images of fiction and subjectivity, thinking about arguments on the basis of incompleteness and uncertainties instead of prioritizing discorporate facts and knowledge (Nichols, 2001). Often perceived as complex evidential assertions regarding the theatrical of the world, digital technology has been playing a substantial role recently in developing new aesthetic bases for establishing a

Blacks in the Revolutionary War Essay Example for Free

Blacks in the Revolutionary War Essay Blacks in the Revolutionary War1 Blacks in the Revolutionary War African American Studies Latasha Gating September 20, 2012 LaChanda K. Clemons Blacks in the Revolutionary War2 Looking back at the history of the United States, it is evident that the Revolutionary War impacted the country a great deal. It was the first war fought with slaves thanks to Lord Dunmore’s controversial proclamation. Historian Benjamin Quarles stated â€Å"The Negros role in the Revolutionary War can be best understood by realizing his major loyalty was not to a place nor to a people but to a principle. There were black loyalists, black sailors, black patriots and black regiments who fought and died in the name of Independence. It has been estimated that over 5,000 African Americans served as soldiers for the Continental army and more than 20,000 fought for the British cause. Slavery in Colonial America is noted to have begun in 1619 with the arrival of 20 African slaves on the Dutch ship named Man-of-war. The slaves made up over half the population in the colonies although they were seen more so as property instead of people. In 1776, there were about 500,000 African American men, women and children slaves. Everyone had a reason for taking part in the war. There were factors that motivated the blacks to take part in such a battle as well. The text mentions that when it came to fighting between the Patriots on one side and their Loyalist American allies on the other, African Americans joined the side that offered freedom. Having that choice of gaining freedom in exchange for serving in the military was indeed motivation. Other motives for blacks were the Blacks in the Revolutionary War3 desire for adventure, belief in the justice and the goals of the revolution and the possibility of receiving a bounty. The Continental navy and The Royal Navy signed blacks into the navy because of the manpower shortages at sea. Some blacks had been captured from the royal navy and used by the Patriots on their vessels. They also served as seamen on British vessel. Slaves and free slaves served as seaman. Because so many Patriot leaders resisted employing black troops, by mid-1775, the British had taken the initiative in recruiting African Americans. Revolutionary leaders feared using blacks in the arm forces. They were afraid that the slaves who were armed would uprise against them. In May 1775 the Massachusetts Committee of Safety put a stop to enlisting slaves in the armies of the colony. However, this did not apply to the blacks who were already serving in the army. 1775-1783 the navy recruits freed black slaves and runaway slaves. Lord Dunmore, born John Murray, was the last Royal Governor of Virginia. Because he was short of men, Dunmore issued a proclamation stating that all able bodied men to assist him in the defense of the colony, including the slaves of rebels. He promised freedom to the blacks who served. After doing so in a month he had 800 soldiers. The purpose of his Proclamation was to declare martial law and to encourage slaves of rebels in Virginia to leave their masters and support the loyalist cause â€Å"All indentured servants, Negroes, or others†¦free that are able Blacks in the Revolutionary War4 and willing to bear arms†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Such an act outrage Virginians. Those that took Dunmore up on his word range between 800 and 2,000. The Virginia Congress replied to his Proclamation with the Dunmore’s wasn’t as successful as his plan out, the number of his soldiers decreased due to smallpox outbreaks. Dunmore’s Proclamation was the first mass emancipation of slaves in American history. After the war ended, over 5,000 blacks left for Jamaica or St. Augustine because they were the property of loyalist that they would never gain their freedom from slavery. By 1786, many were back in bondage. There were those who were Patriots’ slaves but sided with the British were promised their freedom and was granted such. Many black patriots found that the post war military held no rewards for them. So many men served in the armed forces which meant that their wives were left behind and had to take on their husband roles. Their lives changed a great deal during the Revolutionary War. The women, who could, serve the Colonial military forces and interacted with the male soldiers in camp. They were usually the wives and daughters of the male soldiers. The cooked, did laundry and cared for those that were sick. There also some who fought in the military battles: Margaret Cochran Corbin and Captain Molly. Molloy’s husband had taught her how to load and fire cannons. Black women, many of whom were slaves, served both Americans and the British in the capacity of nurses, laundresses and cooks. Blacks in the Revolutionary War5 Many African American soldiers fought and died for the sake of the Revolutionary War. The war ended in 1783, slavery was dying in the North and declining in Chesapeake. What was truly the purpose of Blacks fighting if they did not attain freedom at the end of the war? Were the lives lost beneficially to the slaves or was it just a gimmick to get blacks to stand in stops where white soldiers have already died in. Blacks in the Revolutionary War6 Bibliography Georgii, Colette. May 30, 2007. Slavery in Colonial America. www. helium. com/items/365359-Colonial-Early- Gabriel, Brian. Women’s roles and lives in the revolutionary war. http://www. ehow. com/) (http://blackloyalist. com/canadiandigitalcollection/story/revolution/dunmore. htm) Halpern, Rick (2002). Slavery and Emancipation. Blackwell Publishing. Pp. 90-91 Harold, Stanley, Hine, W. C. , Hine, D. C. The African American Odyssey: Volume 1, 5th Edition. Prentice Hall. 2011. Pearson Education, Inc. . (Scribner, Robert L. (1983). Revolutionary Virginia, the Road to Independence. University of Virginia Press. Pp. xxiv. ) [ 2 ]. Scribner, Robert L. (1983). Revolutionary Virginia, the Road to Independence. University of Virginia Press. Pp. xxiv [ 3 ]. Halpern, Rick (2002). Slavery and Emancipation. Blackwell Publishing. Pp. 90-91 [ 4 ]. Harold, Stanley, Hine, W. C. , Hine, D. C. The African American Odyssey: Volume 1, 5th Edition. Prentice Hall. 2011. Pearson Education, Inc. [ 6 ]. Gabriel, Brian. Women’s roles and lives in the revolutionary war. http://www. ehow. com/)

Sprite :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Sprite â€Å"Image is Everything† â€Å"Thirst is Everything, Image is Nothing† we have all seen this slogan slapped on to every one of Sprite’s products for last couple of months. But what does it mean? Does it mean that someone at a Pepsi convention should order a Sprite, a Coke product, just cause they like the taste? Of course not, cause if they did they would get kicked out at the very least. Advertisers use this sort of slogan to catch your attention, and then they have you right where they want. In the most recent Sprite commercials that feature Grant Hill of the Detroit Pistons, they show us that the reason why we would have a Sprite is just for the taste of it. But if this was all they are trying to get across to us wouldn’t it be cheaper and wiser to use a 6 dollar per hour kid rather than a guy that won’t step foot in a place for less that a 100 grand. Why would they make a commercial that contradicts itself? The reason an advertisement would contradict itself like thi s is for one reason only, to try and fool our wants and desires into becoming our needs. Our needs are simply something that is a necessity for us to survive, such as food and water. We all know we couldn’t go long without these simple yet essential things. While our wants and desires for things such as five star restaurants and luxury cars. Which by no means are needed to survive, but just make living all the more fun. Advertisers are masters on how to exploit our desires, and to make us believe that they are our needs. And it is by no means is this easy or cheap for a commercial to be able to do. To be able to make us believe that our life would, in some way, be better with this product by our side. Sprite’s commercial that plays every time you blindly surf the television channels are all about image. The commercial that is shown the most, features Grant Hill drinking a Sprite. While they state in the back round and print on the screen, â€Å"Thirst Is Everything, Image Is Nothing†. When I first saw this I was thinking, â€Å"cool a great drink that anyone can have and not look out of place†.

Non-Violence

With the simultaneous proliferation of technology and global-poltical danger in the modern world, strategies for countering both political oppression, and the outbreak of political violence and war are urgently needed.   Although the century which has recently slipped away — the Twentieth Century — may be remembered as â€Å"the bloodiest in history† (Martin 625), with hundreds of millions of people killed in wars and with weapons of mass destruction being â€Å"invented, built, deployed and further refined† (Martin 625) during the same century when state-sponsored genocide and terrorism became commonly known quantities.Against this backdrop of chaos, war, and an increasingly dangerous technological landscape, the philosophy of non-violence, or passive resistance, gained   an historical currency which is still unmatched. The activities of important leaders like Gandhi, King, and Mandela revealed the truly earth-changing, paradigm shifting   potential of non-violence resistance as a method for seizing social initiative and political power.Because of the actions of these three important leaders. plus a host of other lesser-known figures, and the action of millions of ordinary activists, â€Å"it can be argued that the rise of nonviolent action was one of the most important developments of the century†Ã‚   (Martin 625), and one which has tremendous potential for application in today's difficult and complex political world.While it is true enough that Gandhi, King, and Mandela over similar models of non-violent leadership and that key tenants of what might be termed a â€Å"universal† sense of non-violence pervade each leaders' philosophies, distinct differences are also recognizable   when a comparison of the three leaders' ideas, activities, and accomplishments is carried out. Such a study of similarities and differences in the philosophies and actions of these important leaders is crucial to understanding how the philosophy of non-violence may be applied in modern times as an antidote to the dangerous and oppressive climate that threatens much of the world.As noted, â€Å"Nonviolent action — including methods such as rallies, strikes, boycotts and sit-ins — has become increasingly important in the past century as a method for waging conflict and promoting social change† (Martin 625) and due to the urgent pressure caused by modern political and social challenges such as terrorism, global warming, the protection of human rights and religious freedom, adapting past approaches of non-violent action to present-day challenges may be beneficial.Non-violent activism may, in fact, help bring about important social changes: â€Å"Some areas for future expansion of the role of nonviolent action include replacing military defence, technological design, challenging capitalism, bureaucratic politics, information struggles and interpersonal behaviour† (Martin 625); the suggesti on of non-violence as an all-pervading philosophy applicable throughout the full strata of political and social issues may sound grandiose, but as we will see, this idea is actually a core-concept for the three leaders in our study.In this regard, non-violent philosophy takes it roots not in social, political or philosophical idea, but in spiritual convictions or even, spiritual revelation. An abstraction of  Ã‚   â€Å"nonviolence principles, building on the core dynamic of political jiu-jitsu in contexts where the opponent does not use physical force† (Martin 625) may be the best way to intuitively understand that non-violence does not indicate non-action of total passivity in the face of aggression. Such a distinction is difficult to pin down, but it is a crucial part of activism, manifest in the breaking of â€Å"unjust† laws, and passive resistant behaviors which, if not violent, certainly imply action by the participants.In order to shed light on some of the mo re challenging aspects of non-violent activism, such as the spiritual aspect, as well as investigate the potential application of non-violent philosophy in modern times, the following brief examination of non-violent philosophy according to each leader: Gandhi, King, and Mandela, will attempt to sketch a general idea of the similarities and differences of each leader's approach and attempt to discover if any type of universal vision of non-violent philosophy can be discovered.GANDHIFor Gandhi, non-violence arises out of an organic human impulse or † basic law of our being† (Gandhi, and Merton 23); such a conviction, foe Gandhi, is based not in genetic or biological assumptions or evidence or in logistical philosophical reasoning, but in spiritual ideas. For Gandhi, â€Å"Ahimsa (non-violence)†Ã‚   (Gandhi, and Merton 23) is the opposite of   â€Å"himsa (violence)†Ã‚   (Gandhi, and Merton 23), and the attributes of each energy are just as distinct. While Ahimsa â€Å"can be used as the most effective principle for social action, since it is in deep accord with the truth of man's nature and corresponds to his innate desire for peace, justice, order, freedom, and personal dignity† (Gandhi, and Merton 23), its opposite energy, himsa, â€Å"degrades and corrupts man† (Gandhi, and Merton 23); therefore to bring himsa energy against himsa energy would be to fight fire with fire.By contrast, the application of ahimsa or non-violent energy to the problem of himsa energy â€Å"heals and restores man's nature, while giving him a means to restore social order and justice† (Gandhi, and Merton 23). The important thing to remember here is that, for Gandhi, ahimsa and himsa energies are not metaphorical reflections or abstract concepts, they are living, spiritual realities.   Although the capacity for ahimsa resides in each person, modern society has left humanity with a much more desperate and disordered reliance on himsa e nergy.For Gandhi such an alienation of man's true capacities has resulted in a culture where â€Å"violence seems to be the very foundation of social order and is â€Å"enthroned as if it were an eternal law,† so that man is called upon by society to reject love† (Gandhi, and Merton 43) and instead embrace a social reality which is enforced by violence or by the threat of violence.To meet this himsa-driven society with ahimsa energy adn non-violence requires supreme courage on behalf of the activist. This extraordinary courage, according to Gandhi, is derived from God:This courage demands nothing short of the ability to face death with complete   Ã‚   fearlessness and to suffer without retaliation. Such a program is meaningless and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   impossible, Gandhi thinks, without belief in God.  (Gandhi, and Merton 43)The implication in Gandhi's ideas is that the activist or the â€Å"Satyagrahi† is enabled, in fact: bound, by God to break the laws of man when they are unjust. The decision as to how it is determined that a law is unjust is murky and unclear, as we will see: this same ambiguity marks both King and Mandela's own approach to non-violent activism. The historical truth is that Gandhi made clear that each â€Å"Satyagrahi was bound to resist all those laws which he considered to be unjust and which were not of a criminal character, in order to bend the Government to the will of the people† (Gandhi 21) and it is this kind of â€Å"twisting† which comprises the active aspect of non-violent activism.KINGThe expression of non-violent activism by King relied as much on spiritual conviction as that of Gandhi. This conviction brought about a similar adherence to   the concept of breaking â€Å"unjust† laws as a method of civil disobedience. King, like Gandhi, found justification for the breaking of social laws by the invocation of Divine Power. The result was that King experienced some difficulty in ma king his racial and social activism truly universal, although such a desire to do so formed an underlying precept of his overall strategy for social and political change.In a rather unique twist of philosophy, King opted to not only resist unjust laws non-violently, but tor each out to his so-called opponents: white racists with language of reconciliation, good-will, and fellowship. King's invocations of â€Å"the good to be achieved† (Wolf, and Rosen) were powerful   counterparts to his criticisms of the social conditions he sought to transform.Since King's goal was to â€Å"to bring the Negro into the mainstream of American life as quickly as possible† (Wolf, and Rosen) his reliance on civil disobedience and the breaking of unjust laws by Divine justification, like Gandhi's, requires a deeper examination. Such revelation is possible due to King's extensive writings; in particular his â€Å"Letter From a Birmingham Jail† a famous document where he addresses t he concern of his fellow clergymen regarding the breaking of laws by civil activists.The letter repeatedly appeals to a shared sense of religion; King also cites Biblical examples to bolster his argument.  Ã‚   Responding to the criticism that his actions and the actions of his followers, even though non-violent in practice, ultimately resulted in violence on the behalf of the white Southerners who beat and jailed the protestor (and sometimes lynched or otherwise killed African Americans), King compared the fight for civil rights with the fight of Jesus to spread the gospel.King's appeal via religion and spirituality was based in a desire for unity and understanding. While he denied accusations of extremity or of inciting violence, he admitted that the impulse for civil rights was, by his reckoning, the will   of God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   King advises that the will of all people is toward freedom and equality.   â€Å"Oppressed people cannot remain oppressed forever. The yearning for freedom eventually manifests itself, and that is what has happened to the American Negro.† (King)By forwarding the notion that civil rights are an inevitable outgrowth of both God's will and the flow of history, King is, in effect, offering a justification for his tactics and philosophies regarding civil rights.The justification for the elements of passive resistance which had led to violent confrontation is also based in King's ideas of justice. King's idea is that God's law is the highest law and that man's laws may be broken when they obviously disagree with or even insult God's law.With the belief that God's Law is the highest law and that history shows that all people will struggle for freedom and liberty, and by appealing to the rational sense of justice and the emotional and spiritual senses of brotherhood and love, King attains justification for his actions but does not seek to evade or subvert laws outright.MANDELAUnlike King, Mandela called for delib erate confrontation with the forces of apartheid which apposed his view of liberation and freedom. Although he repeatedly expressed his opinion that he was not, in fact, a racist himself, Mandela's rhetoric unlike King and Gandhi's, â€Å"was more polarizing† (Wolf, and Rosen); for example, Mandela never attempted â€Å"to appeal to whites† and he sought by confrontational rhetoric coupled with non-violent activism to † through greater polarization to galvanize the situation to crisis levels, thereby compelling action by the international community† (Wolf, and Rosen) which in itself presents a divergence in thought from Gandhi and King both of whom sough reconciliation with their enemies.However, rhetoric was simply another tool in Mandela's non-violent philosophical approach. When, at key moments, he might have called for violence, in actuality, he strove for non-violent change. he might have â€Å"easily have called for a violent overthrow of the South A frican government upon his release after 27 years in prison† (Pierce 1) but rather than do so, he advocated non-violent resistance.The idea of appealing to the world community adds another dimension to the non-violent approach of activism. For Mandela, â€Å"In this scenario, â€Å"the international community† becomes subrogated to the role of â€Å"broader constituency† that Mandela evoked indirectly†Ã‚   (Wolf, and Rosen) but whose support and intervention proved crucial to his success. Because of his sometimes volatile rhetoric, Mandela took special care to â€Å"emphasize his desire for reconciliation across the divide of colour† and repeatedly â€Å"pledged himself anew to work for a multiracial society in which all would have a secure place† (Pierce 175).Contemporary Impact of Non-Violent StrategiesDespite the contributions of great thinkers and activists like those examined in the preceding, brief discussion, the fact is contemporary s ociety seems no less preoccupied with violence than ever before. By examining the media one has the distinct impression that in the world of media and media-related technology, a great deal of concern has been expressed by both everyday observers and specialists in social-psychology over the possible negative impacts that media, and in particular media portrayals of violence, may have upon small children and adolescent children.One of the most complex facets of the issue is the still-unknown impact that new technologies such as 24 hour a day cable programming, widespread Internet access, and the â€Å"digital age† in general will have on the generation of young people who are presently the first to be so overwhelmed by such widespread media and media technologies.An immersive and nearly all-pervading sense of media exists in modern homes that, in fact, the presence of media can be said to form a basis of â€Å"reality† for many people. It is this exact kind of blurred distinction between perceived reality (based on media models and information) and reality (those aspects of life which stand apart from media and media-based models).The distinction between media-reality and reality is not always clear, particularly to small children and adolescent children: â€Å"The boundaries between reality and unreality are especially permeable for small children. They are unable, through at least the age of three or four, to distinguish fact from fantasy. Even older children rarely manage to keep â€Å"real life† and vicarious experience in watertight compartments† (Bok 1999, 38) as we will see in the following discussion.The main impact repeated viewings of media violence seems to exert over small children and adolescents is the conflation of media-violence with organic psychological processes, many of which exist at such a deep, primitive psychological level in humans that manipulation of these emotions, and psychological dispositions remains, for the most part, beyond the conscious perception of the viewer. In conclusion, although the idea of media-responsibility regarding the impact of violent programming on children and young adults is often cited by critics as a form of censorship, ample scientific evidence and research exists to establish media-violence as a certain source of negative influence on young people.The fact of the matter remains despite the right of free speech that media-reality and actual reality are non-distinct at some deep, organic level in human psychology: † weeks earlier the Los Angeles police officers whose roadside beating of motorist Rodney King had been shown on TV screens the world over had been acquitted by an all-white jury[†¦]In that crisis, the boundaries between movies and reality blurred, not only for the public but also for Hollywood producers, directors, and actors who were seeing smoke rising beneath their hillside residences and hearing sirens echo up and down the canyons ,† (Bok 1999, 36); with such a confusing and agitating impact of adult professionals, what can we expect when we expose our children to the same cultural ambiguities through media?If non-violent philosophy according to Gandhi, king, and Mandela is correct then violence is not   a norm in human society, but a constructed evil. If, as the proponents of non-violent philosophy suggest, â€Å"non-violent settlement of conflict is the human norm as we well know from daily experience. We are not programmed in some genetic way to violence† (Kent) than a radical re-visioning of our self-identity and self-image as human beings must take place not only in our media and in our educational facilities, but in our individual psyches as well.The applications of non-violent strategies in contemporary culture can be thought of as being as unknown as the implications of deep-space travel because even though the contributions of such historical leaders as Gandhi, King, and Mandela reveal s the tremendous power of non-violent activism, the full impact of the philosophy as articulated by these men has far-reaching cultural, global-poltical, and spiritual implications which surpass anything which has yet occurred in history.In other words, the â€Å"pioneers† of the â€Å"modern† incarnation of non-violent strategy which we have examined: Gandhi, King, and Mandela represent not the totality of what the non-violent philosophy can or wants to attain, but the mere beginning of a global transformation which is rooted not inly in the basic moral nature of humanity, but in humanity's spiritual destiny and responsibility.Certainly individual leaders and activists continue to utilize the non-violent approach to attain important results in their areas of influence. Modern technology can also help individual activists to promote change by spreading honest information regarding the repercussions of violence and the militarization of political issues. One recent exam ple is when â€Å"a 1991 massacre in the East Timorese capital Dill was recorded on videotape and subsequently broadcast worldwide, this generated enormous support for the resistance† (Martin 625); such applications of technology by individuals represent one small but important aspect of the many avenues of potential non-violent methods of change.Other methods include educational strategies based in the ideas forwarded by Gandhi, King, and Mandela. The recognition of the historical impact of the immensely influential strategies of non-violent change and civil disobedience will also help to inform and empower individuals who, in turn, may adopt some of the strategies and ideas reflected upon in the above discussion to help bring about social and political change through non-violent means.ConclusionThe examination of three important world-leaders who based their activism in non-violent philosophy reveals certain universal traits among the different incarnations of non-violent a ctivism. Among these universal traits is a belief in the breaking of â€Å"unjust† laws for the purpose of bringing about social and political change. This belief is often, if not always, accompanied by an ambiguous but firmly articulated that such a braking of laws is based in Divine Will. Another core belief seems to be that non-violence rather than violence is, in fact, more in keeping with humanity's organic nature. This idea often results in a corresponding belief that the violence evident in human society is the result of a kind of perversion of humanity's natural attributes into an unnatural and unhealthy state.Against this backdrop, it is very difficult if not impossible to envision the philosophies of non-violent activism as we know them today as anything short of a religious and spiritual philosophy with extremely pragmatic roots in social and political activism. Not only is the spiritual aspect of non-violent philosophy seemingly universal in the three historical f igures studied in this short discussion, but the attributes of spirituality embraced by non-violent activists are, in themselves, of great and abiding interest to any observer. A discussion of this aspect alone would probably reveal that the philosophy of non-violence has existed as a spiritual conviction at various times in various cultures throughout the entire history of humanity.Works CitedBarker, Martin and Julian Petley, eds. 2001. Ill Effects: The Media/Violence Debate. New York:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Routledge.Bok, Sissela. 1999. Mayhem Violence as Public Entertainment. Reading, MA: Perseus Books.Gandhi, M. K. Non-Violent Resistance (Satyagraha). New York: Schocken Books, 1961.Gandhi, Mahatma, and Thomas Merton. Gandhi on Non-Violence. New York: New Directions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pub, 1965.Kent, Bruce. â€Å"Non-Violence: The History of a Dangerous Idea.† History Today Feb. 2007: 62+.Mandela, Tambo, and the African National Congress The Struggle against Apartheid, 1948-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1990. Ed. Sheridan Johns and R. Hunt Davis. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.Martin, Brian. â€Å"Nonviolent Futures.† Futures 33.7 (2001): 625.Pierce, Victoria. â€Å"A Tribute to Dr. King Civil Rights Leader's Legacy of Non- Violence Is Alive   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   around the World.† Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, IL) 29 Sept. 2006: 1.Wolf, Charles, and Brian Rosen. â€Å"Public Diplomacy: Lessons from King and Mandela.† Policy Review (2005): 63+. Non-Violence With the simultaneous proliferation of technology and global-poltical danger in the modern world, strategies for countering both political oppression, and the outbreak of political violence and war are urgently needed.   Although the century which has recently slipped away — the Twentieth Century — may be remembered as â€Å"the bloodiest in history† (Martin 625), with hundreds of millions of people killed in wars and with weapons of mass destruction being â€Å"invented, built, deployed and further refined† (Martin 625) during the same century when state-sponsored genocide and terrorism became commonly known quantities.Against this backdrop of chaos, war, and an increasingly dangerous technological landscape, the philosophy of non-violence, or passive resistance, gained   an historical currency which is still unmatched. The activities of important leaders like Gandhi, King, and Mandela revealed the truly earth-changing, paradigm shifting   potential of non-violence resistance as a method for seizing social initiative and political power. Because of the actions of these three important leaders. plus a host of other lesser-known figures, and the action of millions of ordinary activists, â€Å"it can be argued that the rise of nonviolent action was one of the most important developments of the century†Ã‚   (Martin 625), and one which has tremendous potential for application in today's difficult and complex political world.While it is true enough that Gandhi, King, and Mandela over similar models of non-violent leadership and that key tenants of what might be termed a â€Å"universal† sense of non-violence pervade each leaders' philosophies, distinct differences are also recognizable   when a comparison of the three leaders' ideas, activities, and accomplishments is carried out. Such a study of similarities and differences in the philosophies and actions of these important leaders is crucial to understanding how th e philosophy of non-violence may be applied in modern times as an antidote to the dangerous and oppressive climate that threatens much of the world. As noted, â€Å"Nonviolent action — including methods such as rallies, strikes, boycotts and sit-ins — has become increasingly important in the past century as a method for waging conflict and promoting social change† (Martin 625) and due to the urgent pressure caused by modern political and social challenges such as terrorism, global warming, the protection of human rights and religious freedom, adapting past approaches of non-violent action to present-day challenges may be beneficial.Non-violent activism may, in fact, help bring about important social changes: â€Å"Some areas for future expansion of the role of nonviolent action include replacing military defence, technological design, challenging capitalism, bureaucratic politics, information struggles and interpersonal behaviour† (Martin 625); the sugges tion of non-violence as an all-pervading philosophy applicable throughout the full strata of political and social issues may sound grandiose, but as we will see, this idea is actually a core-concept for the three leaders in our study.In this regard, non-violent philosophy takes it roots not in social, political or philosophical idea, but in spiritual convictions or even, spiritual revelation. An abstraction of  Ã‚   â€Å"nonviolence principles, building on the core dynamic of political jiu-jitsu in contexts where the opponent does not use physical force† (Martin 625) may be the best way to intuitively understand that non-violence does not indicate non-action of total passivity in the face of aggression. Such a distinction is difficult to pin down, but it is a crucial part of activism, manifest in the breaking of â€Å"unjust† laws, and passive resistant behaviors which, if not violent, certainly imply action by the participants.In order to shed light on some of the more challenging aspects of non-violent activism, such as the spiritual aspect, as well as investigate the potential application of non-violent philosophy in modern times, the following brief examination of non-violent philosophy according to each leader: Gandhi, King, and Mandela, will attempt to sketch a general idea of the similarities and differences of each leader's approach and attempt to discover if any type of universal vision of non-violent philosophy can be discovered.For Gandhi, non-violence arises out of an organic human impulse or † basic law of our being† (Gandhi, and Merton 23); such a conviction, foe Gandhi, is based not in genetic or biological assumptions or evidence or in logistical philosophical reasoning, but in spiritual ideas. For Gandhi, â€Å"Ahimsa (non-violence)†Ã‚   (Gandhi, and Merton 23) is the opposite of   â€Å"himsa (violence)†Ã‚   (Gandhi, and Merton 23), and the attributes of each energy are just as distinct. While Ahim sa â€Å"can be used as the most effective principle for social action, since it is in deep accord with the truth of man's nature and corresponds to his innate desire for peace, justice, order, freedom, and personal dignity† (Gandhi, and Merton 23), its opposite energy, himsa, â€Å"degrades and corrupts man† (Gandhi, and Merton 23); therefore to bring himsa energy against himsa energy would be to fight fire with fire.By contrast, the application of ahimsa or non-violent energy to the problem of himsa energy â€Å"heals and restores man's nature, while giving him a means to restore social order and justice† (Gandhi, and Merton 23). The important thing to remember here is that, for Gandhi, ahimsa and himsa energies are not metaphorical reflections or abstract concepts, they are living, spiritual realities.   Although the capacity for ahimsa resides in each person, modern society has left humanity with a much more desperate and disordered reliance on himsa energ y. For Gandhi such an alienation of man's true capacities has resulted in a culture where â€Å"violence seems to be the very foundation of social order and is â€Å"enthroned as if it were an eternal law,† so that man is called upon by society to reject love† (Gandhi, and Merton 43) and instead embrace a social reality which is enforced by violence or by the threat of violence.To meet this himsa-driven society with ahimsa energy adn non-violence requires supreme courage on behalf of the activist. This extraordinary courage, according to Gandhi, is derived from God:This courage demands nothing short of the ability to face death with complete fearlessness and to suffer without retaliation. Such a program is meaningless and impossible, Gandhi thinks, without belief in God.The implication in Gandhi's ideas is that the activist or the â€Å"Satyagrahi† is enabled, in fact: bound, by God to break the laws of man when they are unjust. The decision as to how it is dete rmined that a law is unjust is murky and unclear, as we will see: this same ambiguity marks both King and Mandela's own approach to non-violent activism. The historical truth is that Gandhi made clear that each â€Å"Satyagrahi was bound to resist all those laws which he considered to be unjust and which were not of a criminal character, in order to bend the Government to the will of the people† (Gandhi 21) and it is this kind of â€Å"twisting† which comprises the active aspect of non-violent activism.The expression of non-violent activism by King relied as much on spiritual conviction as that of Gandhi. This conviction brought about a similar adherence to   the concept of breaking â€Å"unjust† laws as a method of civil disobedience. King, like Gandhi, found justification for the breaking of social laws by the invocation of Divine Power. The result was that King experienced some difficulty in making his racial and social activism truly universal, although su ch a desire to do so formed an underlying precept of his overall strategy for social and political change. In a rather unique twist of philosophy, King opted to not only resist unjust laws non-violently, but tor each out to his so-called opponents: white racists with language of reconciliation, good-will, and fellowship. King's invocations of â€Å"the good to be achieved† (Wolf, and Rosen) were powerful   counterparts to his criticisms of the social conditions he sought to transform.Since King's goal was to â€Å"to bring the Negro into the mainstream of American life as quickly as possible† (Wolf, and Rosen) his reliance on civil disobedience and the breaking of unjust laws by Divine justification, like Gandhi's, requires a deeper examination. Such revelation is possible due to King's extensive writings; in particular his â€Å"Letter From a Birmingham Jail† a famous document where he addresses the concern of his fellow clergymen regarding the breaking of la ws by civil activists. The letter repeatedly appeals to a shared sense of religion; King also cites Biblical examples to bolster his argument.  Ã‚   Responding to the criticism that his actions and the actions of his followers, even though non-violent in practice, ultimately resulted in violence on the behalf of the white Southerners who beat and jailed the protestor (and sometimes lynched or otherwise killed African Americans), King compared the fight for civil rights with the fight of Jesus to spread the gospel.King's appeal via religion and spirituality was based in a desire for unity and understanding. While he denied accusations of extremity or of inciting violence, he admitted that the impulse for civil rights was, by his reckoning, the will   of God.   Ã‚   King advises that the will of all people is toward freedom and equality.   â€Å"Oppressed people cannot remain oppressed forever. The yearning for freedom eventually manifests itself, and that is what has happene d to the American Negro.† (King) By forwarding the notion that civil rights are an inevitable outgrowth of both God's will and the flow of history, King is, in effect, offering a justification for his tactics and philosophies regarding civil rights.The justification for the elements of passive resistance which had led to violent confrontation is also based in King's ideas of justice. King's idea is that God's law is the highest law and that man's laws may be broken when they obviously disagree with or even insult God's law.With the belief that God's Law is the highest law and that history shows that all people will struggle for freedom and liberty, and by appealing to the rational sense of justice and the emotional and spiritual senses of brotherhood and love, King attains justification for his actions but does not seek to evade or subvert laws outright.Unlike King, Mandela called for deliberate confrontation with the forces of apartheid which apposed his view of liberation an d freedom. Although he repeatedly expressed his opinion that he was not, in fact, a racist himself, Mandela's rhetoric unlike King and Gandhi's, â€Å"was more polarizing† (Wolf, and Rosen); for example, Mandela never attempted â€Å"to appeal to whites† and he sought by confrontational rhetoric coupled with non-violent activism to † through greater polarization to galvanize the situation to crisis levels, thereby compelling action by the international community† (Wolf, and Rosen) which in itself presents a divergence in thought from Gandhi and King both of whom sough reconciliation with their enemies.However, rhetoric was simply another tool in Mandela's non-violent philosophical approach. When, at key moments, he might have called for violence, in actuality, he strove for non-violent change. he might have â€Å"easily have called for a violent overthrow of the South African government upon his release after 27 years in prison† (Pierce 1) but rather than do so, he advocated non-violent resistance. The idea of appealing to the world community adds another dimension to the non-violent approach of activism. For Mandela, â€Å"In this scenario, â€Å"the international community† becomes subrogated to the role of â€Å"broader constituency† that Mandela evoked indirectly†Ã‚   (Wolf, and Rosen) but whose support and intervention proved crucial to his success. Because of his sometimes volatile rhetoric, Mandela took special care to â€Å"emphasize his desire for reconciliation across the divide of colour† and repeatedly â€Å"pledged himself anew to work for a multiracial society in which all would have a secure place† (Pierce 175).Contemporary Impact of Non-Violent StrategiesDespite the contributions of great thinkers and activists like those examined in the preceding, brief discussion, the fact is contemporary society seems no less preoccupied with violence than ever before. By examining the media one has the distinct impression that in the world of media and media-related technology, a great deal of concern has been expressed by both everyday observers and specialists in social-psychology over the possible negative impacts that media, and in particular media portrayals of violence, may have upon small children and adolescent children. One of the most complex facets of the issue is the still-unknown impact that new technologies such as 24 hour a day cable programming, widespread Internet access, and the â€Å"digital age† in general will have on the generation of young people who are presently the first to be so overwhelmed by such widespread media and media technologies.An immersive and nearly all-pervading sense of media exists in modern homes that, in fact, the presence of media can be said to form a basis of â€Å"reality† for many people. It is this exact kind of blurred distinction between perceived reality (based on media models and information) and real ity (those aspects of life which stand apart from media and media-based models).   The distinction between media-reality and reality is not always clear, particularly to small children and adolescent children: â€Å"The boundaries between reality and unreality are especially permeable for small children. They are unable, through at least the age of three or four, to distinguish fact from fantasy. Even older children rarely manage to keep â€Å"real life† and vicarious experience in watertight compartments† (Bok 1999, 38) as we will see in the following discussion.The main impact repeated viewings of media violence seems to exert over small children and adolescents is the conflation of media-violence with organic psychological processes, many of which exist at such a deep, primitive psychological level in humans that manipulation of these emotions, and psychological dispositions remains, for the most part, beyond the conscious perception of the viewer. In conclusion, although the idea of media-responsibility regarding the impact of violent programming on children and young adults is often cited by critics as a form of censorship, ample scientific evidence and research exists to establish media-violence as a certain source of negative influence on young people.The fact of the matter remains despite the right of free speech that media-reality and actual reality are non-distinct at some deep, organic level in human psychology: † weeks earlier the Los Angeles police officers whose roadside beating of motorist Rodney King had been shown on TV screens the world over had been acquitted by an all-white jury[†¦]In that crisis, the boundaries between movies and reality blurred, not only for the public but also for Hollywood producers, directors, and actors who were seeing smoke rising beneath their hillside residences and hearing sirens echo up and down the canyons,† (Bok 1999, 36); with such a confusing and agitating impact of adult prof essionals, what can we expect when we expose our children to the same cultural ambiguities through media?If non-violent philosophy according to Gandhi, king, and Mandela is correct then violence is not   a norm in human society, but a constructed evil. If, as the proponents of non-violent philosophy suggest, â€Å"non-violent settlement of conflict is the human norm as we well know from daily experience. We are not programmed in some genetic way to violence† (Kent) than a radical re-visioning of our self-identity and self-image as human beings must take place not only in our media and in our educational facilities, but in our individual psyches as well.The applications of non-violent strategies in contemporary culture can be thought of as being as unknown as the implications of deep-space travel because even though the contributions of such historical leaders as Gandhi, King, and Mandela reveals the tremendous power of non-violent activism, the full impact of the philosophy as articulated by these men has far-reaching cultural, global-poltical, and spiritual implications which surpass anything which has yet occurred in history.   In other words, the â€Å"pioneers† of the â€Å"modern† incarnation of non-violent strategy which we have examined: Gandhi, King, and Mandela represent not the totality of what the non-violent philosophy can or wants to attain, but the mere beginning of a global transformation which is rooted not inly in the basic moral nature of humanity, but in humanity's spiritual destiny and responsibility.Certainly individual leaders and activists continue to utilize the non-violent approach to attain important results in their areas of influence. Modern technology can also help individual activists to promote change by spreading honest information regarding the repercussions of violence and the militarization of political issues. One recent example is when â€Å"a 1991 massacre in the East Timorese capital Dill was rec orded on videotape and subsequently broadcast worldwide, this generated enormous support for the resistance† (Martin 625); such applications of technology by individuals represent one small but important aspect of the many avenues of potential non-violent methods of change.Other methods include educational strategies based in the ideas forwarded by Gandhi, King, and Mandela. The recognition of the historical impact of the immensely influential strategies of non-violent change and civil disobedience will also help to inform and empower individuals who, in turn, may adopt some of the strategies and ideas reflected upon in the above discussion to help bring about social and political change through non-violent means.ConclusionThe examination of three important world-leaders who based their activism in non-violent philosophy reveals certain universal traits among the different incarnations of non-violent activism. Among these universal traits is a belief in the breaking of â€Å" unjust† laws for the purpose of bringing about social and political change. This belief is often, if not always, accompanied by an ambiguous but firmly articulated that such a braking of laws is based in Divine Will. Another core belief seems to be that non-violence rather than violence is, in fact, more in keeping with humanity's organic nature. This idea often results in a corresponding belief that the violence evident in human society is the result of a kind of perversion of humanity's natural attributes into an unnatural and unhealthy state.Against this backdrop, it is very difficult if not impossible to envision the philosophies of non-violent activism as we know them today as anything short of a religious and spiritual philosophy with extremely pragmatic roots in social and political activism. Not only is the spiritual aspect of non-violent philosophy seemingly universal in the three historical figures studied in this short discussion, but the attributes of spirituality embraced by non-violent activists are, in themselves, of great and abiding interest to any observer. A discussion of this aspect alone would probably reveal that the philosophy of non-violence has existed as a spiritual conviction at various times in various cultures throughout the entire history of humanity.Works CitedBarker, Martin and Julian Petley, eds. 2001. Ill Effects: The Media/Violence Debate. New York:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Routledge.Bok, Sissela. 1999. Mayhem Violence as Public Entertainment. Reading, MA: Perseus Books.Gandhi, M. K. Non-Violent Resistance (Satyagraha). New York: Schocken Books, 1961.Gandhi, Mahatma, and Thomas Merton. Gandhi on Non-Violence. New York: New Directions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pub, 1965.Kent, Bruce. â€Å"Non-Violence: The History of a Dangerous Idea.† History Today Feb. 2007: 62+.Mandela, Tambo, and the African National Congress The Struggle against Apartheid, 1948-   1990. Ed. Sheridan Johns and R. Hunt Davis. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.Martin, Brian. â€Å"Nonviolent Futures.† Futures 33.7 (2001): 625.Pierce, Victoria. â€Å"A Tribute to Dr. King Civil Rights Leader's Legacy of Non- Violence Is Alive   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   around the World.† Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, IL) 29 Sept. 2006: 1.Wolf, Charles, and Brian Rosen. â€Å"Public Diplomacy: Lessons from King and Mandela.† Policy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Review (2005): 63+.